It is common to have questions or feel concerned about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The chances of getting or passing an STI to partners can depend on a few things:
1) Do you or your partner(s) have an STI?
Many STIs do not show symptoms, and people can have an STI without knowing it. Getting tested is the only way to know if you have an STI. How someone looks, the partners they have, and other assumptions about a person’s lifestyle are not good ways to tell if someone has an STI. Your partner(s) would have to have an STI to be able to pass it to you.
2) Are you using any safer sex methods, such as condoms, vaccines or medication?
- Using condoms or other barriers can lower your chances of getting some STIs.
- There are vaccines that prevent some infections such as HPV, Hepatitis A or Hepatitis B.
- There is daily medication that you can take to prevent HIV before or soon after sex.
3) What kind of sex are you having?
Body fluids like blood, semen/cum, vaginal fluid, rectal fluid and breastmilk can pass some STIs. Others are passed through skin-to-skin contact during sex. Fluids like sweat, tears, saliva and urine do not pass STIs.
To learn more about STIs and how they are passed, you can find more in our STIs at a Glance chart, and to learn more about how different sexual activities pass some STIs read the My Chances charts below.
How to Lower Your Chances of Getting an STI
- Get tested: If you and your partner(s) are testing regularly, you can find out if you have an STI – STIs can be treated or managed with medication. Be aware of the window period, which is the time it takes for an infection to show up on a test. If you test too early, your results may not be accurate. You can use the Clinic Finder to find services near you in British Columbia.
- Be informed: There are many ways to have sex that feel great. Choose activities that work for you, and be aware of how different STIs are passed.
- Safer sex: There are many ways to make sex safer such as using condoms, lube, or planning ahead if you’re using drugs or alcohol. Safer sex can still be great sex!
- Talk to your partners: Talking to partners about safer sex before you get started can make things easier for everyone. We’ve included some tips on how to start this conversation.
My Chances
The content below can give you an idea of which sexual activities are more or less likely to pass an infection to you if your partner has that infection. Some STIs are more common than others. You are less likely to get an infection that is not very common, even if the infection can be passed that way. The actual chances of an STI being passed are unique to each infection and personal circumstances. The table is based on published research and reviewed by STI experts in British Columbia. It does not cover every situation or STI. Some important considerations:
- Sometimes condoms can break or slip. If this happens, the chances of getting an STI are the same if no condom was used. Condoms are not as good at preventing infections passed by skin-to-skin contact such as syphilis, herpes and HPV.
- People living with HIV can take medication to lower the amount of virus in their blood to a very low level. This is called undetectable viral load, and it means that HIV cannot be passed to others through sexual activities (also called Undetectable = Untransmissible, or U=U).
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is medication that you can take daily, or as prescribed to lower your chances of getting HIV.
What the chart means:
Not passed: this infection cannot be passed between people by this kind of sex | |
Not likely to be passed: this is not a common way to pass the infection, and would only be possible under the right conditions | |
Could be passed: this type of sex can pass the infection under the right conditions | |
Easily passed: this infection is commonly passed between people by this kind of sex |
Genital or Anal Sex
Penis in Vagina (Vaginal Sex)
No condom
| Chlamydia | Easily passed |
| Gonorrhea | Easily passed |
| HIV | Could be passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Easily passed |
| HPV | Easily passed |
With condom
| Chlamydia | Not likely to be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not likely to be passed |
| Herpes | Could be passed |
| Syphilis | Could be passed |
| HPV | Could be passed |
Penis in Anus (Anal Sex)
No condom
| Chlamydia | Easily passed |
| Gonorrhea | Easily passed |
| HIV | Easily passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Easily passed |
| HPV | Easily passed |
With condom
| Chlamydia | Not likely to be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not likely to be passed |
| Herpes | Could be passed |
| Syphilis | Could be passed |
| HPV | Could be passed |
Genital Contact, Skin-to-Skin
Sharing body fluids
| Chlamydia | Not likely to be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not likely to be passed |
| Herpes | Could be passed |
| Syphilis | Could be passed |
| HPV | Could be passed |
No sharing body fluids
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Could be passed |
| Syphilis | Could be passed |
| HPV | Could be passed |
Oral Sex
Mouth on Vagina
No barrier
| Chlamydia | Not likely to be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Easily passed |
| HPV | Easily passed |
With barrier
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not likely to be passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Mouth on Penis
No condom
| Chlamydia | Easily passed |
| Gonorrhea | Easily passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Easily passed |
| HPV | Easily passed |
With condom
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not likely to be passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Mouth on Anus (Rimming)
No barrier
| Chlamydia | Not likely to be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Easily passed |
| HPV | Easily passed |
With barrier
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not likely to be passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Deep Kissing with Tongue
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not likely to be passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Easily passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Other kinds of sex
Sharing Sex Toys
No condom / not cleaned between
| Chlamydia | Could be passed |
| Gonorrhea | Could be passed |
| HIV | Could be passed |
| Herpes | Could be passed |
| Syphilis | Could be passed |
| HPV | Could be passed |
With condom / cleaned between
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not passed |
| Syphilis | Not passed |
| HPV | Not passed |
Hand on Penis or Vulva (Handjob)
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not likely to be passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Fingers in Anus or Vagina (Fingering)
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not likely to be passed |
| Syphilis | Not likely to be passed |
| HPV | Not likely to be passed |
Masturbation
| Chlamydia | Not passed |
| Gonorrhea | Not passed |
| HIV | Not passed |
| Herpes | Not passed |
| Syphilis | Not passed |
| HPV | Not passed |
A Note on Gender Diversity and Language
Everyone’s anatomy is a little different and people use different words to describe their bodies. We use common terms to describe genital anatomy (ie. penis and vagina), but ultimately it is the type of sexual contact and body fluids involved that determines whether STIs can be passed rather than anatomy. Gender affirming surgery may change which STIs which tests are recommended in some cases. For more information talk to your provider or visit Transcare BC.
If You or Your Partner(S) is Living With an STI
If you or your partners are being treated for an STI, wait until you have both finished the medication and follow the advice of your health care provider about when you can have genital, oral, or anal sex.
For infections that can be managed, but not treated, such as HIV or herpes, there are medications that can lower your chances of passing on the infection.
There are ways to keep you and your partner(s) healthy, while having an enjoyable sex life.
Still Have Questions?
If you still have questions about your personal situation or risk, you can:
- Get more information. We have more information and links below, as well as other resources on this website. You can also search our Answered Questions Library to public questions answered by our sexual health nurses.
- Ask a question. You can use Options for Sexual Health’s Sex Sense service to have your specific questions answered over the phone or email. Sex Sense cannot be used to diagnose or provide medical care.
- Talk to a health care provider. Use the clinic finder to locate services, or use HealthLink BC’s 8-1-1 service to discuss your concerns if you don’t have a regular or trusted health care provider.